| 1. |
- Jakobsson, Niklas, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Substation Placement for Electric Road Systems
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energies. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 16:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One option to avoid range issues for electrified heavy vehicles, and the large individual batteries for each such vehicle, is to construct electric road systems (ERS), where vehicles are supplied with electricity while driving. In this article, a model has been developed that calculates the cost for supplying an ERS with electricity from a regional grid to a road in the form of cables and substations, considering the power demand profile for heavy transport. The modeling accounts for electric losses and voltage drop in cables and transformers. We have used the model to exhaustively compute and compared the cost of different combinations of substation sizes and locations along the road, using a European highway in West Sweden as a case study. Our results show that the costs for building an electricity distribution system for an ERS vary only to a minor extent with the location of substations (10% difference between the cheapest cost and the average cost of all configurations). Furthermore, we have varied the peak and average power demand profile for the investigated highway to investigate the impact of a specific demand profile on the results. The results from this variation show that the sum of the peak power demand is the most important factor in system cost. Specifically, a 30% change in the peak power demand for the road has a significant impact on the electricity supply system cost. A reduction in the geographical variation of power demand along the road has no significant impact on the electricity distribution system cost as long as the aggregated peak power demand for all road segments is held constant. The results of the work are relevant as input to future work on comparing the cost–benefit of ERS with other alternatives when reducing CO2 from road traffic—in particular from heavy road traffic.
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| 2. |
- Jelica, Darijan, et al.
(författare)
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Hourly electricity demand from an electric road system – A Swedish case study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 228, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the hourly electricity demand related to implementing an electric road system (ERS) on five Swedish roads with the highest traffic flows that connect the three largest cities in Sweden. The study also compares the energy demands and the CO2 mitigation potentials of the ERS with the use of carbon-based fuels to obtain the same transportation work, and extrapolates the results to all Swedish European- and National- (E- and N) roads. The hourly electricity demand along the roads are derived by linking 12 available measurement points for hourly road traffic volumes with 12,553 measurement points for the average daily traffic flows along the roads. The results show that applying an ERS to the five Swedish roads with the highest traffic flows can reduce by ∼20% the levels of CO2 emissions from the road transport sector, while increasing by less than 4% the hourly electricity demand on the peak dimensioning hour. Extending the ERS to all E- and N-roads would electrify almost half of the vehicle kilometers driven annually in Sweden, while increasing the load of the hourly peak electricity demand by only ∼10% on average.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Viktor, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Value of wind power – Implications from specific power
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 126, s. 352-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the marginal system value of increasing the penetration level of wind power, and how this value is dependent upon the specific power (the ratio of the rated power to the swept area). The marginal system value measures the economic value of increasing the wind power capacity. Green-field power system scenarios, with minimised dispatch and investment costs, are modelled for Year 2050 for four regions in Europe that have different conditions for renewable electricity generation. The results show a high marginal system value of wind turbines at low penetration levels in all four regions and for the three specific powers investigated. The cost-optimal wind power penetration levels are up to 40% in low-wind-speed regions, and up to 80% in high-wind–speed regions. The results also show that both favourable solar conditions and access to hydropower benefit the marginal system value of wind turbines. Furthermore, the profile value, which measures how valuable a wind turbine generation profile is to the electricity system, increases in line with a reduction in the specific power for wind power penetration levels of >10%. The profile value shows that the specific power becomes more important as the wind power penetration level increases. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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| 4. |
- Lehtveer, Mariliis, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Actuating the European Energy System Transition: Indicators for Translating Energy Systems Modelling Results into Policy-Making
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we define indicators, with a focus on the electricity sector, that translate the results of energy systems modelling to quantitative entities that can facilitate assessments of the transitions required to meet stringent climate targets. Such indicators, which are often overlooked in model scenario presentations, can be applied to make the modelling results more accessible and are useful for managing the transition on the policy level, as well as for internal evaluations of modelling results. We propose a set of 13 indicators related to: 1) the resource and material usages in modelled energy system designs; 2) the rates of transition from current to future energy systems; and 3) the energy security in energy system modelling results. To illustrate its value, the proposed set of indicators is applied to energy system scenarios derived from an electricity system investment model for Northern Europe. We show that the proposed indicators are useful for facilitating discussions, raising new questions, and relating the modelling results to Sustainable Development Goals and thus facilitate better policy processes. The indicators presented here should not be seen as a complete set, but rather as examples. Therefore, this paper represents a starting point and a call to other modellers to expand and refine the list of indicators.
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| 5. |
- Lundblad, Therese, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Centralized and decentralized electrolysis-based hydrogen supply systems for road transportation – A modeling study of current and future costs
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 48:12, s. 4830-4844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work compares the costs of three electrolysis-based hydrogen supply systems for heavy road transportation: a decentralized, off-grid system for hydrogen production from wind and solar power (Dec-Sa); a decentralized system connected to the electricity grid (Dec-Gc); and a centralized grid-connected electrolyzer with hydrogen transported to refueling stations (Cen-Gc). A cost-minimizing optimization model was developed in which the hydrogen production is designed to meet the demand at refueling stations at the lowest total cost for two timeframes: one with current electricity prices and one with estimated future prices. The results show that: For most of the studied geographical regions, Dec-Gc gives the lowest costs of hydrogen delivery (2.2–3.3€/kgH2), while Dec-Sa entails higher hydrogen production costs (2.5–6.7€/kgH2). In addition, the centralized system (Cen-Gc) involves lower costs for production and storage than the grid-connected decentralized system (Dec-Gc), although the additional costs for hydrogen transport increase the total cost (3.5–4.8€/kgH2).
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| 6. |
- Olovsson, Johanna, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of Electric Road Systems on the German and Swedish Electricity Systems—An Energy System Model Comparison
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses the impacts of electrification of the transport sector, involving both static charging and electric road systems (ERS), on the Swedish and German electricity systems. The impact on the electricity system of large-scale ERS is investigated by comparing the results from two model packages: 1) a modeling package that consists of an electricity system investment model (ELIN) and electricity system dispatch model (EPOD); and 2) an energy system investment and dispatch model (SCOPE). The same set of scenarios are run for both model packages and the results for ERS are compared. The modeling results show that the additional electricity load arising from large-scale implementation of ERS is mainly, depending on model and scenario, met by investments in wind power in Sweden (40–100%) and in both wind (20–75%) and solar power (40–100%) in Germany. This study also concludes that ERS increase the peak power demand (i.e., the net load) in the electricity system. Therefore, when using ERS, there is a need for additional investments in peak power units and storage technologies to meet this new load. A smart integration of other electricity loads than ERS, such as optimization of static charging at the home location of passenger cars, can facilitate efficient use of renewable electricity also with an electricity system including ERS. A comparison between the results from the different models shows that assumptions and methodological choices dictate which types of investments are made (e.g., wind, solar and thermal power plants) to cover the additional demand for electricity arising from the use of ERS. Nonetheless, both modeling packages yield increases in investments in solar power (Germany) and in wind power (Sweden) in all the scenarios, to cover the new electricity demand for ERS.
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| 7. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Charging strategies-implications on the interaction between an electrified road infrastructure and the stationary electricity system
- 2016
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Ingår i: World Electric Vehicle Journal. - : MDPI AG. - 2032-6653. ; 3, s. 1823-1834
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study uses a vehicle model together with detailed traffic data of the European route 39 in western Norway to estimate how the electricity demand for an electric road system varies with time and location. The aim is to better understand the impact of an electric road system on the stationary electricity system. The results show that the electricity demand for an E39 electric road system is comparable to a larger industry, potentially increasing the peak power demand in the regional electricity system with only a few percent. Yet, if all main Norwegian roads are electrified, or if vehicles can also charge their batteries while driving, there will be a significant (>10%) addition of electricity demand to the current load. © 2016 WEVA.
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| 8. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Electric road systems in Norway and Sweden-impact on CO2 emissions and infrastructure cost
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific, ITEC Asia-Pacific 2017; Hotel VictoriesHarbin; China; 7 August 2017 through 10 August 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates a large-scale implementation of electric road system (ERS) in Norway and Sweden by analysing (i) which roads, (ii) how much of the road network and (iii) what vehicle types that are beneficial to electrify based on analysis of road traffic volumes, CO2 emissions mitigation potential and infrastructure investment costs per vehicle kilometre. All European and National roads in Norway and Sweden have been included assuming different degrees of electrification in terms fraction of the road length with ERS, prioritizing high traffic roads. The results show similar effect from ERS in Norway and Sweden. Implementing ERS on 25% of the busiest European and National road length in both countries is enough to result in an electrification of approximately 70% of the vehicle kilometres on these roads and 35% of the total vehicle kilometres on all roads. An ERS on all European and National roads will include 60 and 70% of the vehicle kilometres and CO2 emissions from all heavy traffic in Norway and Sweden, respectively. The results also show that aiming to electrify more than 50% of the light vehicles with ERS implies that also county roads and private roads need to be included. For a majority of the European and National roads, the infrastructure investment cost per vehicle kilometre are low compare to the current cost for diesel per kilometre assuming a depreciation time of ERS investments of 35 years.
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| 9. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Electric vehicles as a flexibility management strategy in Europe
- 2018
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Ingår i: 31st International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, EVS 2018 and International Electric Vehicle Technology Conference 2018, EVTeC 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates how an electrification of road transportation impact investments and operation of the electricity system in Sweden, Germany, Great Britain and Spain under a stringent CO2 constraint. A scenario with full electrification of the road transport sector, including also dynamic power transfer for trucks and buses, decreases the need for investments in peak power and curtailment of wind power compared to the scenario without EVs, provided that an optimal charging strategy and vehicle-to-grid is applied for the passenger vehicles. Flexibility from EVs can facilitate an increase of investments in renewable electricity, especially solar PVs in sunny regions.
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| 10. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Electric Vehicles as Flexibility Management Strategy for the Electricity System-A Comparison between Different Regions of Europe
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 12:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study considers whether electric vehicles (EVs) can be exploited as a flexibility management strategy to stimulate investments in and operation of renewable electricity under stringent CO2 constraints in four regions with different conditions for renewable electricity (Sweden, Germany, the UK, and Spain). The study applies a cost-minimisation investment model and an electricity dispatch model of the European electricity system, assuming three types of charging strategies for EVs. The results show that vehicle-to-grid (V2G), i.e., the possibility to discharging the EV batteries back to grid, facilitates an increase in investments and generation from solar photovoltaics (PVs) compare to the scenario without EVs, in all regions except Sweden. Without the possibility to store electricity in EV batteries across different days, which is a technical limitation of this type of model, EVs increase the share of wind power by only a few percentage points in Sweden, even if Sweden is a region with good conditions for wind power. Full electrification of the road transport sector, including also dynamic power transfer for trucks and buses, would decrease the need for investments in peak power in all four regions by at least 50%, as compared to a scenario without EVs or with uncontrolled charging of EVs, provided that an optimal charging strategy and V2G are implemented for the passenger vehicles.
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